End-to-end auditable voting systems

End-to-end auditable (E2E) systems are a form of Independent Verification. E2E systems usually use cryptography to store copies of voted ballots. These systems may provide the voter with receipts to allow them to verify that their vote is included in the tally, all votes were cast by valid voters, and the results are tabulated correctly. These systems, sometimes referred to as receipt-based systems, do not permit a voter to prove to others how she voted.